Amid accelerating global decarbonization efforts, interest in heavy-duty electric trucks is rising rapidly across the logistics sector. Higher fuel prices, tighter CO₂ regulations, and increasing environmental requirements from shippers are driving this shift. As a result, electrification is expanding even in heavy transport operations where diesel vehicles have long been the norm.
What is a heavy-duty EV truck? Understanding the background behind global electrification
A heavy-duty EV truck is a zero-emission truck powered by a battery and electric motor, producing no CO₂ during operation. Its drivetrain has a simpler structure than diesel vehicles, with fewer moving parts, which contributes to lower maintenance frequency and operational downtime.
Basic structure and key characteristics of EV trucks
The core components are a high-capacity lithium-ion battery and a high-output electric motor. Large models typically offer battery capacities in the range of 300–600 kWh。 Regenerative braking enables energy recovery during deceleration, improving overall efficiency.
Why the logistics industry is accelerating EV adoption
According to the IEA, heavy-duty freight accounts for roughly 40% of emissions in the transport sector. After the Paris Agreement, many countries established carbon-neutral targets for 2030 and 2050, making CO₂ reduction in freight transport an urgent priority. Rising fuel prices have further influenced corporate decision-making.
Global phase-out of diesel vehicles and its impact
In Europe, regulations are moving toward zero CO₂ emissions for new vehicles by 2035, with major cities designating ultra-low-emission zones. In the United States, states such as California are tightening regulations, while China has already become the world’s largest market for electric trucks.
Pricing structure and cost trends of heavy-duty EV trucks
For many companies considering the introduction of EV trucks, purchase price remains one of the biggest concerns. While initial investment is high, lower operating costs can deliver long-term financial benefits.
Estimated purchase prices: Comparison among major manufacturers
Prices vary by region and manufacturer, but large EV trucks from leading European OEMs typically range from approximately JPY 35-65 million.
Relationship between battery capacity and vehicle price｜Trade-offs with driving range
Batteries account for roughly 30–40% of total vehicle cost. As of 2024, the average battery pack price has fallen to USD 115 per kWh (USD 97/kWh for BEVs), representing a year-on-year reduction of about 20%. Prices are projected to fall below USD 100/kWh by 2026 and reach around USD 69/kWh by 2030.
Driving range increases with higher battery capacity, but it also results in higher upfront cost and greater vehicle weight.
Are maintenance costs lower than diesel trucks?
Analysis by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT *¹) indicates that maintenance costs for EV trucks can be reduced to around 40–50% of those of diesel trucks. EVs do not require engine oil, filters, or exhaust aftertreatment systems, and brake pad wear is significantly reduced due to regenerative braking.
Total cost of ownership (TCO) is projected to fall below that of diesel trucks by around 2030.
¹ ICCT is an independent, non-profit research organization established in 2001. It aims to advance environmental performance and climate action across the global transportation sector.
Adoption simulations using subsidies, tax incentives, and leasing programs
In the United States, federal tax credits apply to EV truck purchases. Several European countries offer purchase subsidies and financial support programs.
Japan provides Clean Energy Vehicle (CEV) subsidies, and leasing arrangements can significantly reduce the initial investment burden.
Current adoption rates and global trends in heavy-duty EV trucks
According to the IEA, global sales of medium- and heavy-duty EV trucks reached approximately 90,000 units in 2024, representing an increase of about 80% year-on-year. Adoption levels vary significantly by region.
Adoption status in Japan, Europe, North America, and China
China leads the market with around 75,000 units sold—over 80% of the global share—and holds an adoption rate exceeding 4%.
Europe follows with more than 10,000 units, accounting for around 1–2% of the commercial vehicle market.
North America recorded approximately 1,700 units, representing less than 0.5%.
In Japan, small and medium-sized EV trucks are still in the early stages of trial deployment
Recent initiatives by leading companies such as Amazon and DHL
Amazon operates more than 20,000 electric delivery vans, while DHL aims to electrify 60% of its delivery fleet by 2030.
For these companies, adopting EV trucks is positioned as a key component of their environmental strategies and a means of strengthening brand value.
Technological advancements driving market expansion (Charging infrastructure and battery development)
Research and development efforts for next-generation solid-state batteries and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries are advancing, with expectations for further improvements in safety, durability, and cost efficiency.
In addition, development of megawatt-class ultra-fast charging systems (MCS) designed for heavy-duty vehicles is accelerating. These technologies are expected to enable high-capacity charging in short timeframes, enhancing the practicality and economic viability of EV trucks in real-world operations.
Together, these innovations are steadily improving both convenience and cost performance in EV truck operations.
Why more companies are adopting heavy-duty EV trucks
The number of companies introducing heavy-duty EV trucks is rapidly increasing worldwide. Several economic and strategic factors are driving this trend.
Alignment with ESG management and decarbonization strategies
ESG commitments have become an unavoidable priority for many organizations. Deploying EV trucks enables significant reductions in Scope 1 emissions—direct emissions from company-owned or controlled vehicles—and serves as a key measure for achieving carbon-neutral targets.
Economic benefits from rising fuel costs and reduced maintenance requirements
Volatile oil prices have intensified interest in EV trucks as a way to mitigate fuel-related risks. Battery-electric trucks offer approximately 65% higher energy efficiency than diesel vehicles, contributing to lower operating costs over time.
Meeting environmental requirements from shippers and consumers
Disclosure of Scope 3 emissions—indirect emissions across the supply chain—is increasingly becoming mandatory. Logistics providers are expected to meet CO₂ reduction targets set by their clients, and in many cases, EV truck adoption is becoming a prerequisite for securing or renewing contracts.
Scope definitions based on the GHG Protocol:
Scope 1 (Direct emissions): Emissions from sources owned or controlled by the company, including company vehicles and manufacturing facilities.
Scope 2 (Indirect emissions): Emissions associated with purchased electricity, heat, and steam.
Scope 3 (Other indirect emissions): Emissions across the value chain, including outsourced transportation, raw material procurement, and product use.
Challenges and limitations of heavy-duty EV trucks
Although EV trucks offer many advantages, several challenges remain. Companies considering adoption must understand these limitations when planning deployment.
Range limitations and insufficient charging infrastructure
Current heavy-duty EV trucks typically offer ranges of 200–500 km on a full charge. あSome European models have reached around 600 km, but this is still lower than the 1,000 km or more achievable with diesel vehicles.
Europe has installed rapid chargers along more than 75% of its major corridors, with stations spaced roughly every 50 km. In contrast, coverage in the United States remains below 50%.
High initial investment and battery lifespan
Battery-electric trucks cost approximately two to three times more than diesel trucks. Lithium-ion batteries generally decline to around 80% of their original capacity after 8–10 years of use.
Load capacity constraints and reduced performance in cold climates
Battery weight reduces available payload. In Europe, EV trucks are allowed an additional 2 tons to compensate for this.
In cold regions, battery performance declines due to low temperatures, which can shorten driving range. Vehicles may require additional measures depending on operating conditions.
Hybrid trucks as a transitional technology: Key considerations for selecting the right powertrain
Hybrid trucks represent a viable option during the transition toward full decarbonization.
Differences between hybrid and EV trucks
Hybrid trucks combine a diesel engine with an electric motor. They require a relatively lower initial investment and do not suffer from range limitations, but their CO₂ reduction potential remains around 20–30%.
Optimal vehicle selection based on transport distance
According to analysis by the ICCT, EV trucks are the most cost-efficient option for short-distance operations of under 200 km per day. For medium-distance transport in the 200–500 km range, hybrids and EVs show similar performance. For long-distance operations exceeding 500 km, hybrid or diesel vehicles remain advantageous under current technological conditions.
Mid- to long-term strategies based on upcoming regulations
Europe aims to reduce CO₂ emissions from trucks by 45% by 2030 and 90% by 2040.
Practical strategies include phased introduction, hybrid–EV combined operation, investment in charging infrastructure, and leveraging leasing programs.
Conclusion: EV truck adoption moves from “cost” to “strategic investment”
Technological progress and policy support continue to address concerns such as high initial cost and range limitations. EV trucks are increasingly positioned as strategic assets within corporate environmental and business strategies.
Key considerations for adoption decisions
- Short- and medium-distance urban operations: EV trucks provide both economic and strategic advantages.
- Long-distance transport or regions with limited infrastructure: A hybrid approach remains practical.
- Subsidy programs and leasing solutions: These can significantly reduce upfront investment barriers.
- Future regulations: The shift toward zero-emission transport in the 2030s is inevitable.
The IEA projects that global sales of electric trucks will expand substantially by 2030.
The question is no longer “Should we introduce EV trucks?” but rather “How soon?”
Technology is maturing, cost efficiency is improving, and policy frameworks are already in place.
The transition toward sustainable logistics is underway—and the time for decisive action has arrived.
